Te Rau Aroha – Te taraka kai, i te mura o te ahi, i muri hoki

I te tau 1941, e £900 i kohia e ngā Kura Māori nā te karanga atu kia mahi moni rātou ki te hoko, ki te whakarite hoki i tētahi taraka kai mō te Ope Taua Māori (28^th).  (Tirohia te tuhinga o mua mō tā rātou kohi pūtea.).  Mai i tōna taenga atu ki Āwherika-ki-te-Raki i Nōema 1941, ka tū te taraka kai hei tohu tūturu ki te Ope Māori mō te tino tautoko a ō rātou whanaunga o te hau-kāinga.  I ngākaunuitia te taraka kai e ngā hōia, nā te mea kua penapena pūtea, kua mahi moni ngā tamariki, ā, kua rapua he kaupapa hou hei kohi i ngā pene me ngā hereni kia whakaratohia ai he manaakitanga ki ngā tāngata o te Ope e whawhai ana ki te koraha o Āwherika-ki-te-Raki.

Puta noa te pakanga, ka ngaki ngā kāinga Māori ki te whakarite, ki te whakarato i ngā ō o te taraka. I muri tata mai i ngā mahi pai o ngā tamariki kura ki te kohi pūtea kia hokona te taraka kai, ka tonoa e Paraire Karaka Paikea, e te mema pāremata o te Tai Tokerau, kia hokona ngā kai mō te taraka.  I whakahokia atawhaitia e ngā rōpū Māori: e £5 mai i Te Ropu Māori Girls Club o Petone, £10 mai i te Poari Māori o Taranaki Māori ki Hāwera, e £5 mai i te Ngāti Pōneke Patriotic Committee, e £20 mai i te Poari Māori o Tūwharetoa, e £20 mai i ngā Komiti Māori o Ākarana, ā,  e £20 he mea tuku e Te Puea i raro i te mana o Kīngi Korokī.[i]  I tae tonu mai ngā koha a ngā tini kura Māori ki te Tari Kura [Department of Education], ā, i te marama o Ākuhata, 1944, e £20.10.4d i tukuna e te Tari ki te National Patriotic Fund Board mō ngā ō o te taraka kai.[ii] Nā te hokinga mai o ētahi o ngā hōia o te Ope, me ā rātou kōrero mō te hira o te taraka, ka whakaihiihia ngā kāinga Māori kia kohia anō he moni.  I muri i te kauhau a Captain Pine Taiapa ki te Rangitukia Women’s War Service Auxillary, e rua ngā kanikani i whakatūria e ngā wāhine, ā, e £20 i mahia mō te taraka kai.  I tuhia e Hekeretari Tominiana o te Auxilliary, ‘The feelings of our Maori elders were really touched,’ i muri i tā te kāpene i ‘explained to them what this Mobile Canteen was, and how much it meant to our boys.’[iii]

I katohia ngā tau o te ate e te kaupapa nei i puta mai ai tēnei taraka kai.  I piki hoki te mana o te taraka i ōna wheako, i ngā mahi hoki a ngā taraiwa i te wā o ngā whawhai.  I runga i ēnei kōrero, ka whakawhiwhia te ingoa, ko ‘Te Rau Aroha’, hei whakaute i te toa o ngā tāngata me ā rātou mahi.

I te pae o te riri.

I whakahaeretia te taraka kai e te Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA), ā, ko Charles Basil Bennet te taraiwa.  Ko ‘Charlie YM’ tōna ingoa kārangaranga kei pōhēhētia ko Charles Moihi Te Arawaka Bennett ia, arā, ko tētahi o ngā toihau o te Ope Taua Māori.  Ka taotū a Charlie YM ki Cassino, ka rīwhitia e Norm Perry hei kaimahi o te taraka kai.[iv]   

E kīa nei, i tata rawa atu te haere o ngā taraka kai o te YMCA o Aotearoa ki te pae o te riri kia whakaratohia ngā kai me te manaakitanga ki ō tātou hōia.  E ai ki te Auckland Star i te tau 1943, ko Te Rau Aroha ‘perhaps the most famous of all front-line canteens in the Middle East,’ e whai ana i ‘the Maori Battalion into the most dangerous places.’[v]  I haere te taraka hei hoa o te Ope Māori mā Āwherika-ki-te-Raki, mā Hīria, mā Itāria hoki.  I Noema 1942 ka whiwhi te National Patriotic Fund Board ki te rīpoata a Lieutenant-Colonel Waite (ko ia te komihana o te Poari i taua wāhi o te pakanga) i kōrerotia ai te puhanga o te taraka kai e ngā repo hoariri. I kī mai ia, ka kitea ‘the close contact made by the welfare services with the troops in battle.’[vi]  Ehara i te mea, ko ēnei anake te wā i tū nei te taraka.  Kore rawa i wareware i a Harry Lambert te rā i pōmatia ai te Ope Māori e te Luftwaffe, i a rātou i te koraha.

And there amidst the horror and stench, black acrid smoke and churned up sand stood 'Te Rau Aroha', all four tyres flattened, half-a-dozen gaping wounds in her side, but the wireless still broadcasting a popular song and fruit syrup and milk, dripping from Charlie Y.M.'s recently replenished stocks of tinned goods.[vii]

E whā ngā wā i pūhia ai a Te Rau Aroha i ngā matā o te hoariri, ā, nā ngā pakarutanga, ka whakaarohia me tuku he taraka hou, engari, i ia wā i ia wā, ka whakapaitia, ā, ka whakahokia ki te Ope Māori.[viii]  I rīpoatatia e te Bay of Plenty Beacon, he tino taonga te taraka kai ki ngā hōia Māori, ā, ‘on several occasions when it seemed beyond repair and had been ordered to the wreaking heap by higher authorities, they took it upon themselves to tow the bus wherever they went.’[ix]

Nā reira, he whakahirahira a Te Rau Aroha i roto i ngā mahi rongonui a te Ope Taua Māori, tua atu i te toa hāereere noa e tuku kai ana ki ngā hōia.  I mōhiotia whānuitia tōna manaakitanga.   I rite tonu tā Charlie Bennet hoatu hikareti, tiakarete hoki ki ngā tāngata katoa i tae mai ki te taraka, ahakoa nō tēhea wāhanga o te Taua, ā, nāna i ‘provided a constant supply of little luxuries, which he often risked his life to obtain and distribute.’[x]  I te ‘whiwhinga’ ki tētahi waerehe i ngā Itāriana i Rīpia, ka mui mai ngā hōia ki te taraka kai whakarongo ai ki ngā pānui BBC me ngā waiata a Lili Marlene, i ngā hāora roroa e tatari ana rātou.[xi]  I te whakanuitanga ā-Kirihimete, ko te taraka te wāhi i tuaritia ai ngā kai reka o Aotearoa, arā, ko te tuna, te paka tahu, te tītī, te karengo, te kahawai, me te pipi.[xii]  Ko te taraka hoki he wāhi nō ngā mahi ngahau; nā ngā kaimahi o ngā taraka kai i whakahaere ngā konohete, ngā waiata, ngā pō kiriata hoki.  I Itāria, ka riro i te taraka kai he piana nui [grand], he mea ‘liberated’ mai i te whare whakapaipai o tētahi o ngā hoa o Mussolini.  I whakatakotoria ki runga kata, ā, ka ruturutu haere i muri i a Te Rau Aroha hei whakapainga mō ngā konohete a te Ope.  I ētahi wā, hei waka tūroro te taraka mō ngā hōia Māori i taotū; i ētahi wā, ka āwhina ngā kaimahi YMCA ki te tuitui i ngā purutapu mō ngā tūpāpaku, ki te ārahi hoki i ngā herehere hoariri ki tua atu i te pae o te riri.[xiii]

Nā ēnei wheako, nā ēnei mahara, ngā ēnei hononga, ka tohetohe ngā tāngata o te Ope Taua Māori kia whakahokia te taraka kai ki Aotearoa i muri i te pakanga.  I whiwhia tēnei hōnore e Te Rau Aroha anake; ko ia te waka anake o te Wāhanga Tuarua o te New Zealand Expeditionary Force i whakahokia.[xiv]  E ai ki tētahi pūrongorongo, tērā ‘would have been a full scale rebellion by the troops if the vehicle had not been loaded onto the ship home.’[xv]

Te Haerenga i muri i te Whenua

I tōna hokinga mai ki Aotearoa, ka hoatu a Te Rau Aroha ki te Tari Kura; ko te kaupapa kia tāpoi te taraka kai ki ngā tini kura Māori o te Ika a Maui kia kite ngā tamariki i ngā hua o tā rātou kohi pūtea.  Engari, me mātua whakapai kia taea te haere.  I tōna taenga mai ki Pōneke i runga i te Dominion Monarch i Hānuere 1946, ka matea kia tōia mai i te wāpu e tētahi atu taraka.  I te tukunga o ngā £40 e te National Patriotic Fund Board, ka tahuri ngā kaiaka mīhini o te Taua ki te raupine i te waka nei kia reri ai mō tōna haerenga i te marama o Hepetema.[xvi]

Kāore e mārama ana te wāhi i timata ai te haerenga, engari i te toro atu te taraka ki ngā kura o te Tai Rāwhiti i te tīmatanga o Ōketopa; ka neke atu ai ki Whakatāne me Tauranga.  Ka peitatia ngā ingoa o ngā kura katoa i tae ai te taraka hei whakamaumaharatanga, ā, i te 21 o Oketopa, e 56 ngā kura kē kua torohia.  I muri atu i te Pei o Pereti, ka hono anō te taraiwa, a Charles Bennet (Charlie YM), i a Te Rau Aroha, ka ahu atu ai ki Whangārei me te Tai Tokerau.  Ka toro atu te taraka kai ki Whatuwhiwhi, ki Te Hāpua, ki Te Kao, me ētahi kura e tata ana ki Kaitaia; ka haere ai ki Hokianga, ā, i muri ki Rotorua.

I a Te Rau Aroha i ruturutu mai mā ngā huarahi ki ō rātou kura, ka kite ngā tamariki i ngā tūnga motuhake o te waka nei, arā i ngā puta me ngā tapi ‘where shrapnel and machine-gun bullets have pierced her sides.’ Kua riro hoki tōna mīhini tuarima, me ngā taea hou, mō te haerenga nei.  Kua peitatia hoki ngā tatau o te taraka nei ki ngā tohu Taua, ki ngā ‘hōnore’ me ngā ingoa o ngā putakari i uru ai a Te Rau Aroha.[xvii]

Ahakoa te āhuatanga kanukanu, i tino hiamo ngā tamariki kura i te toronga o te taraka kai. I tētahi maharatanga mō te taenga mai ki Te Hāpua, ka maharatia ngā tangi a ngā tamariki, i te taraka ‘came grinding up the school drive, right across the playground and into the shade of the trees,’ i tata pakuru ai ētahi o ngā peka nunui.[xviii] Nā te manawa reka me te pohewatanga o ngā tamariki o Te Hāpua ki ngā wheako o te taraka, ka whakatūria he tamaiti tuakana hei hēteri kei motuhenga rawa ngā kēmu-pakanga a ngā tamiriki i te wā tākaro.[xix] He kōtuku rerenga tahi te taraka nei, nā reira, ka harikoa ngā tamariki kia kite i te hua nei o ā rātou kohinga moni, ki te whakarongo ki ngā kōrero a Charlie Bennet mō ngā mahi mātātoa ki tāwāhi, ki te mātakitaki hoki i ngā kiriata [lantern show] ‘depicting war events in North Africa, Italy and Palestine,’ i kitea pea ai he kanohi i mōhio nei rātou.[xx]

Ko te tikanga o te haerenga he mihi whakawhetai ki ngā tamariki mō tā rātou tautoko i ngā mahi pakanga. Nā te tāpoi hoki i āhei ai ngā kāinga Māori te mihi ki te hunga i manaaki i ō rātou tāne ki tāwāhi.  He wā whakahīhī, he wā whai-hōnore, ā, ka whakapau kaha ngā kura mō te taenga mai o te taraka kai. Hei tauira te kura o Pamapuria; i kī mai tētahi akonga, ‘I was twelve at the time, and we were proud of our appearance and our performance on that momentous occasion.’[xxi] Ka whakakākahuria ngā tamariki kura e ō rātou mātua ki ngā piupiu, he ‘neat white blouses’ mō ngā kōtiro, me ō rātou ‘heads swathed in weeping willow as a sign of mourning for those soldiers who were killed in action’; i pōwhiritia ngā manuhiri e ngā tama e mau ana i ngā taiaha; nā rātou hoki ētahi o ngā taiaha i whakairo. Ka mutu ngā whaikōrero a te tumuaki, a Mr J. Blackman, rātou ko ngā kaumātua, ka tū a Charlie Bennet rāua ko Meiha Kahi Takimoana Harawira ki te whakautu.  Ka haere Harawira (he tiaparani nō te Ope Taua Māori) ki ngā kura i te taha o Charlie Bennet me Te Rau Aroha.  I muri i ngā ‘polished poi dances’ a ngā tamariki, me ngā kiriata a Bennet, ‘the afternoon programme was completed with a hangi.’[xxii]  

Nā te haerenga nei, ka kitea te tino pīrangi o te iwi i muri i te pakanga ki te whakanui i te wā whawhai, me te rangimārie kua puta mai.[xxiii]  I taea hoki e rātou te maumahara, te tangi tahi, te kōrero mō te pakanga.  I te taenga mai o Te Rau Aroha, ka puta mai anō ngā mahara o ngā hōia kua hoki mai.  Ka whakatau rātou i a Charlie Bennet rāua ko Major Harawira, me tō rātou taraka toa, ā, ka whakamihia ngā tāne kīhai i hoki mai.  I tūtohu mai te Gisborne Herald, ‘to those families bereaved by casualties  - and there are many on the East Coast,’ ka kawea e te taraka kai he ‘special message of remembrance.’[xxiv]  Ki ētahi o ngā hōia, he whakamaumaharatanga tūturu taua waka e mau tonu ana i ō rātou wheako ki tāwāhi.  E toru tekau mā rima tau ki muri, ka uiuia tētahi pāraeroa, ā, ka taea tonu e ia te tohu te rua o te matā i te taha o te taraka i mate ai tōna hoa.

That was about 1942. I was standing here with a chocolate in me hand, and my mate was over there, and he [shooter] blew the chocolate out of my hand and of course it killed him, and that was that hole there.[xxv] 

Ki ētahi atu, he tohu noa te taraka mō tō rātou wā ki tāwāhi.  I mea mai tētahi pāraeroa, ‘Those [bullet holes] are an emblem of the scars members have got to carry through to their dying days.’[xxvi]

Nā te tāpoi nei o te taraka, ka taea hoki te tuku ngā kōrero mō te arataki-ki-te-mahi (vocational guidance) ki ngā kura e tū mamao ana.  E toru ngā tau o Kahi Takimoana Harawira hei tiaparani o te Ope Māori; ka hoki mai ia ki Aotearoa, ka whakatūria ia hei āpiha Māori tuatahi mō te arataki-ki-te-mahi, ki te Auckland Vocational Guidance Centre.  I haere ia i te taha o Te Rau Aroha, arā, mō te toronga ki te Tai Tokerau, e kōrero ana ki ngā kura mō ngā momo mahi e wātea ana ki a rātou.  I Whatuwhiwhi, ka whakakite ia i ngā kiriata o ngā whare-noho [hostels] o Ākarana, me ngā mahi pai o aua whare.[xxvii]  I rapu te kāwanatanga ki te whakaiti i te koremahitanga o ngā rangatahi Māori mā āna kaupapa ā-kura, ā-mahi hoki, ā, ki a Harawira, me mahi tahi rātou ko ngā whānau me ngā iwi kia kite i ngā momo mahi e kake ai ngā rangatahi Māori.  (Kei konei he kōrero mō K. T. Harawira me te arataki-ki-te-mahi.)

I Tīhema 1949 i mutu ai te haerenga o Te Rau Aroha i Rotorua, ā, ka waihotia te taraka kai ki te marae me te kura Māori o Whakarewarewa kia kitea he whakatakotoranga tūturu.  I tāna kauhau whakamutunga, ka mea a Charlie Bennet ‘that had you not bought this truck in the first place it would never have performed its errand of mercy and been the comfort it was. It was your present to your men overseas, and it is only right that its final resting place should be here among you.’[xxviii]

Engari, kīhai te poropititanga a Bennet i puta mai.  Kāore he kāinga pūmau i te tau 1948; kāore he wharau hei tāwharau mō te taraka kai.  I te noho noa ki te papa rerenga o Rotorua, ā, i te kanukanu haere, me te waikura o te rino, me te pirau o ngā wāhanga kānawehi.[xxix] Heoi, i te tau 1949 ka puta kē anō tōna kāinga; kua nekea ki Waitangi, ā, e kī ana, ko tēnei tētahi o ngā taonga o Te Papa Whenua o te Tiriti o Waitangi.[xxx]   

He oranga hou

Mai i te tekautau 1950 ki te mea 1970, ka āhua rite te ahatanga o Te Rau Aroha ki tō te iwi maumahara ki te pakanga.  I iti haere te aro o te motu ki ngā hui whakamaumahara; he hira kē ētahi atu kaupapa, ā, i te arotahi ngā pāraeroa, me te iwi whānui, ki te whai i ngā mahi e ora ai rātou.[xxxi] I noho mokemoke a Te Rau Aroha kia hāpaingia tōna take e te Ope Taua Māori i te tau 1976.  I te hui-ā-tau o te Ope, ka whakatauria kia hoatu a Te Rau Aroha ki te Museum of Transport and Technology (MOTAT) ki Waiorea i Ākarana.  Engari, i mua i te tukunga o te taraka kai ki reira, ka whakatūria a Te Mata Toa [National Army Museum] ki Waiouru, ā, ka hoatu kētia e Te Ope ki tēnei whare taonga hou.  I kitea a Te Rau Aroha e te Taua i tētahi takotoranga-motukā ki Ākarana, ā, ka tukuna ki te School for Mechanical Engineering i te puni taua o Waiouru.  Ka aromatawaitia me aha kia pai ai, engari, nā te kore-pūtea, kīhai ngā mahi whakahou i tīmataria.

Engari, ki te whakaaro a Meiha Bruce Poananga, tēra he ‘spiritual and emotional focus for former Battalion members’ e puta mai i te whakahounga o te taraka, ā, nāna i whakarite kia tukuna ki te puni taua o Linton.[xxxii]  E toru tekau mā rima ngā tau kua pahi i tōna kitenga whakamutunga i Te Rau Aroha. I mahara ia i tōna kitenga i te taraka e tae mai ana ki te puni i runga i te taraka kawe waka, e kī ana, ‘I must say that my heart fell somewhat when I saw the condition it was in. It was a sorry derelict and in marked contrast to when I last saw it in Italy.’[xxxiii]

I te wā o te pakanga, ka tū te taraka kai hei kaupapa i honoa ai ngā whakatipuranga.  I pēnei hoki te whakahounga.  Ka mahi ngā rangatahi o te Manawatu Youth Institute ki te taha o ngā kaiaka mīhini o te Taua, i ngā pāraeroa hoki o te Ope Māori.  Ka tangohia ngā wāhanga katoa kia whakapaitia; ka whakamauria he taupoki hou mō te mīhini, me tētahi paenga kai hou, ā, nāwai rā, ka ngunguru anō te mīhini.[xxxiv]  I maharatia e Meiha Poananga ‘the sensitivity and affection with which the Institute staff and the Maori remand youths carried out their task of restoration. It was a task that had meaning for them and their dedication was something to wonder at.’[xxxv]  He mea peita, he mea whakapīataata, ā, ka tū manawanui a Te Rau Aroha ki Linton mō ngā karakia whakapai, ā, i Āperira 1980 ka tukuna ki tōna kāinga hou, ki Te Mata Toa i Waiouru. Kei te noho tonu te taraka kai i reira ināianei hei tino taonga o taua whare.

I te 5 o Pēpuere 2020, ka tūwhera he whare taonga hou ki Waitangi hei whakahōnore i ngā hōia Māori o ngā Taua o Aotearoa, inarā, i te Kamupene A o te Ope Taua Māori (28^th).  Ko Te Rau Aroha te ingoa o taua whare taonga hou, arā, he mea tapa i runga i te wairua o te taraka kai rongonui.[xxxvi]   Puta noa te hītori o tēnei taraka noa, kua whakaohoohotia te aroha me ngā mahi whakarato, mai i te kohikohi moni a ngā tamariki i ngā tau 1940-41, ki te whakahoutanga o te taraka e ngā rangatahi i ngā tau 1879-80, mai i ngā mahi a Charlie YM rāua ko Norm Perry i ngā tau o te pakanga, ki te manaakitanga o ngā kāinga Māori ki a Charlie mā i tō rātou hokinga mai ki Aotearoa.  Kei te tū a Te Rau Aroha i roto i Te Mata Toa hei tohu o te toa o te Ope Taua Māori, engari, hei tohu hoki o te hononga me te tautoko o te hau kāinga me te hunga e whawhai ana ki tāwāhi, o ngā whakatupuranga, rangatahi mai, pakeke mai, i te wā pakanga, i muri hoki.

Whakaahua: ‘Maori School, Near Kaikohe,’ Archives New Zealand, AAQT 6539 W3537 Box34/A1731.

[i] He reta ki te Hekeretari o te National Patriotic Fund Board, nā P. K. Paikea, 3–16 Hepetema 1941, Patriotic Funds-Mobile Canteen for Maori Battalion, Archives New Zealand.

[ii] He reta ki te Hekeretari o te National Patriotic Fund Board, nā C. Beeby, 29 Ākuhata 1944, Patriotic Funds-Mobile Canteen for Maori Battalion, Archives New Zealand.

[iii] He reta ki a G. A. Hayden, nā te Hekeretari Tominiana o te Women’s War Service Auxiliary, 1 Ākuhata 1944. Patriotic Funds-Mobile Canteen for Maori Battalion, Archives New Zealand.

[iv] ‘”Te Rau Aroha” – The Mobile Canteen,’ 28^th Māori Battalion, https://www.28maoribattalion.org.nz/memory/te-rau-aroha-the-mobile-canteen/, mai i te ātikara i roto i te pukapuka, The Battalion Remembers, 1984, ‘Te Rau Aroha – The Mobile Canteen. The YM Truck.’ He mea titiro i te 28 Hepetema, 2021; ‘TRA Rebuild,’ he kōrero mai i te National Army Museum Te Mata Toa.   

[v] ‘N.Z. Mobile Canteens,’ Auckland Star, 5 Hune 1943, 4.

[vi] ‘Battle Scars,’ Evening Post, 24 Tīhema 1942, 4.

[vii] ‘”Te Rau Aroha” – The Mobile Canteen,’ 28^th Māori Battalion, https://www.28maoribattalion.org.nz/memory/te-rau-aroha-the-mobile-canteen/ mai i te ātikara i roto i te pukapuka, The Battalion Remembers, 1984, ‘Te Rau Aroha: In the Thick of It’ nā Harry Lambert. He mea titiro i te 28 Hepetema, 2021.

[viii] ‘Sole Survivor,’ Gisborne Herald, 4 Ōketopa 1946, 4; he reta nā R.M. Brasted ki a H.J. Steptoe, 1 Mei 1943, Patriotic Funds-Mobile Canteen for Maori Battalion, Archives New Zealand.

[ix] ‘Mobile Canteen Visit to District,’ Bay of Plenty Beacon, 21 Ōketopa 1946, 5.

[x] ‘”Te Rau Aroha” – The Mobile Canteen,’ 28^th Māori Battalion, https://www.28maoribattalion.org.nz/memory/te-rau-aroha-the-mobile-canteen/ mai i te ātikara i roto i te pukapuka, The Battalion Remembers, 1984, ‘Te Rau Aroha: In the Thick of It’ nā Harry Lambert. He mea titiro i te 28 Hepetema, 2021.

[xi] ‘”Te Rau Aroha” – The Mobile Canteen,’ 28^th Māori Battalion, https://www.28maoribattalion.org.nz/memory/te-rau-aroha-the-mobile-canteen/ mai i te ātikara i roto i te pukapuka, The Battalion Remembers, 1984, ‘Te Rau Aroha – The Mobile Canteen. The YM Truck.’ He mea titiro i te 28 Hepetema, 2021.

[xii] ‘”Te Rau Aroha” – The Mobile Canteen,’ 28^th Māori Battalion, https://www.28maoribattalion.org.nz/memory/te-rau-aroha-the-mobile-canteen/ mai i te ātikara i roto i te pukapuka, The Battalion Remembers, 1984, ‘Te Rau Aroha in Italy – nā Norm Perry. He mea titiro i te 28 Hepetema, 2021.

[xiii] ‘Maori Canteen Ends Long Career,’ Northern Advocate, 11 Tīhema 1946, 4; ‘“Te Rau Aroha” – The Mobile Canteen,’ 28^th Māori Battalion, https://www.28maoribattalion.org.nz/memory/te-rau-aroha-the-mobile-canteen/ mai i te ātikara i roto i te pukapuka, The Battalion Remembers, 1984, ‘Te Rau Aroha in Italy – nā Norm Perry. He mea titiro i te 28 Hepetema, 2021.

[xiv] ‘Sole Survivor,’ Gisborne Herald, 4 Ōketopa 1946, 4.

[xv] Te Roopu Rua Tekau-ma-waru a Tu: 28 Māori Battalion, pakipūmeka, he mea pāho 25 Āperira 1980, Radio NZ, he mea whakahaere e Stephen Riley rāua ko Whai Ngata. Ngā Taonga Sound and Vision.

[xvi] ‘Report re Maori Battalion Mobile Canteen,’ 25 Hānuere 1946; He reta nā A.H. Gibson ki a C. Beeby, 13 Ākuhata 1946, Patriotic Funds-Mobile Canteen for Maori Battalion, Archives New Zealand.

[xvii] ‘Battle-scarred Veteran On Tour,’ Northern Advocate, 4 Noema 1946, 4.

[xviii] ‘”Te Rau Aroha” – The Mobile Canteen,’ 28^th Māori Battalion, https://www.28maoribattalion.org.nz/memory/te-rau-aroha-the-mobile-canteen/ mai i te ātikara i roto i te pukapuka, The Battalion Remembers, 1984, ‘Te Hapua Māori School Log’, nā J. Wordsworth. He mea titiro i te 28 Hepetema, 2021.

[xix] ‘”Te Rau Aroha” – The Mobile Canteen,’ 28^th Māori Battalion, https://www.28maoribattalion.org.nz/memory/te-rau-aroha-the-mobile-canteen/ mai i te ātikara i roto i te pukapuka, The Battalion Remembers, 1984, ‘Te Hapua Māori School Log’, nā J. Wordsworth. He mea titiro i te 28 Hepetema, 2021.

[xx] ‘Maori Mobile Canteen Visits Whatuwhiwhi,’ Northland Age, 22 Noema 1946, 1.

[xxi] Violet Walters/Popata (ētita). Pamapuria School Centennial 1884-1984 (Pamapuria School Centennial Committee, Kaitaia, NZ). [kāore he rā] 32-33.

[xxii] ‘Tattooed Children Greet Canteen’, Northern Advocate, 27 Noema 1946, 3.

[xxiii] Helen Robinson, ‘Lest We Forget? The Fading of New Zealand War Commemorations,’ New Zealand Journal of History 44, nama 1 (2010), 77.

[xxiv] ‘Sole Survivor,’ Gisborne Herald, 4 Ōketopa 1946, 4.

[xxv] Te Roopu Rua Tekau-ma-waru a Tu: 28 Māori Battalion, pakipūmeka, he mea pāho i te 25 Āperira 1980, Radio NZ, he mea whakahaere e Stephen Riley rāua ko Whai Ngata. Ngā Taonga Sound and Vision, https:ngataonga.org.nz/collections/catague-item?record_id=238442. He mea titito i te 28 September, 2021.

[xxvi] Te Roopu Rua Tekau-ma-waru a Tu: 28 Māori Battalion, pakipūmeka, he mea pāho i te 25 Āperira 1980, Radio NZ, he mea whakahaere e Stephen Riley rāua ko Whai Ngata. Ngā Taonga Sound and Vision, https:ngataonga.org.nz/collections/catague-item?record_id=238442. He mea titito i te 28 September, 2021.

[xxvii] ‘Maori Mobile Canteen Visits Whatuwhiwhi,’ Northland Age, 22 Noema 1946, 1.

[xxviii] ‘Maori Canteen Ends Long Career,’ Northern Advocate, 11 Tīhema 1946, 4.

[xxix] ‘Maori Mobile Canteen,’ Bay of Plenty Times, 17 Ākuhata 1948, 6.

[xxx] ‘News of the Day,’ Northern Advocate, 3 Tīhema 1949, 4.

[xxxi] Robinson, ‘Lest We Forget?’, 76-78, 87.

[xxxii] Bruce Poananga, ‘Veterans At the Rededication Linton Camp – Te Rau Aroha,’ The Maori Battalion Remembers III, he mea ētita e Harry Lambert (28 NZ (Maori) Battalion Association, 1988), 58.

[xxxiii] Bruce Poananga, ‘Veterans At the Rededication Linton Camp – Te Rau Aroha,’ The Maori Battalion Remembers III, he mea ētita e Harry Lambert (28 NZ (Maori) Battalion Association, 1988), 58.

[xxxiv] Bruce Poananga, ‘Veterans At the Rededication Linton Camp – Te Rau Aroha,’ The Maori Battalion Remembers III, he mea ētita e Harry Lambert (28 NZ (Maori) Battalion Association, 1988), 58-59.

[xxxv] Bruce Poananga, ‘Veterans At the Rededication Linton Camp – Te Rau Aroha,’ The Maori Battalion Remembers III, he mea ētita e Harry Lambert (28 NZ (Maori) Battalion Association, 1988), 59.

[xxxvi] ‘Te Rau Aroha Museum,’ Waitangi - Waitangi Treaty Grounds, https://www.waitangi.org.nz/new-museum-te-rau-aroha/. He mea titiro i te 7 Ōketopa 2021.