Ngā Mahi Mīhana a te Hāhi Mihinare

Ka meatia ana ināianei te kupu “mihinare”, ka whakaaro noa pea ngā tini tāngata ki te wā o Aotearoa i mua i te Tiriti o Waiatangi, ki ngā mīhana o muri pea ki Āwherika me ērā atu wāhi o tāwāhi.  I ētahi wā, e āhua whakaiti ana ō tātou mahara ki ngā mihinare, anō nei he tāngata pakeke, he upoko mārō, he tāngata kakawa rātou, e takahi ana i ngā tikanga o ngā iwi taketake hei hauhake i ngā wairua o ngā tāngata.  Kāore pea e mōhiotia whānuitia, he mihinare tonu ō ngā hāhi nunui o Aotearoa i te wā o te pakanga, he Māori hoki ētahi o rātou.  I hohe te kaupapa mīhana i taua wā; ka utua, ka whakahaeretia hoki e ngā hāhi nunui he mīhana ki tāwāhi, ki ngā Pākehā e noho marara ana ki Aotearoa nei, ki ngā kāinga Māori hoki.

Nā te nui o te Hāhi Māori,[1] kāore e taea ngā kōrero katoa te matapaki i roto i te tuhinga kotahi.  I whakahaeretia e te Hāhi he kura noho, he kura tuarua mō ngā tauira Māori; ā, i te taha o ērā atu hāhi Porotehana, ka whakatūria he wharenoho mō ngā Māori e heke ana ki ngā tāone nui.[2]  Tērā hoki ētahi tautohetohe, ētahi wānanga hoki, i roto i te Hāhi, me memeha te Hāhi Māori, āhea hoki, kia karakia tahi ngā iwi e rua i roto i te Hāhi kotahi, me whiwhi rānei te taha Māori ki te mana ki te whakarite i te Hāhi Māori hei hinonga motuhake.[3] Ā muri e matapakitia ai ēnei kaupapa (me ētahi atu e pā ana ki ngā hāhi) ki ngā kōrero kē.  Ka wāua e tēnei kōrero, he aha ngā mahi a te Hāhi ki waho i ngā tāone, ko wai mā āna kaimahi, ā, he aha te āhua o te mīhana.

Ko wai ngā kaimahi? I mahi rātou ki hea?

I whakahaeretia e ngā pīhopatanga o te Hāhi ā rātou ake mahi Māori  i raro i te mana o tērā pīhopa, o tērā pīhopa. Ko te nuinga o aua mahi i roto i te pīhopatanga o Ākarana (mai i Te Rēinga ki te awa o Waikato, tae atu ki Te Tara-o-te-ika-o-Māui [Coromandel Peninsula] me ngā minitatanga tekau-mā-rima [pastorates] i nohoia ai e minita Māori), me te pīhopatanga o Waiapu (arā, e toru ngā takiwā Māori me ngā minitatanga tekau-mā-rua ki Waiariki, Te Tai Rāwhiti, me Te Matau-a-Māui). Nā te wehenga o ētahi mema Māori ki te Hāhi Rātana, ka whakatūria a Rev. Pereika Pēneti (Frederick Bennett) hei Pīhopa o Aotearoa tuatahi i te tau 1928. Ko te mea whakarapa, he iti noa tōna mana whakahaere; i mahi ia hei kaiāwhina o te Pīhopa o Waiapu, ā, ka matea te whakaaetanga o ērā atu pīhopa kia mahi ia ki ō rātou rohe.[4]

Hāunga ngā pīhopatanga e rua nei, he āhua iti ngā mahi Māori o te Hāhi.  I te tau 1943, ka whakahēngia e te Pīhopa o Waikato ngā mahi Māori o tōna ake rohe; ko Ātirīkona Oulds te Hupiritene o te Mihana, engari i te tiaki hoki ia i tōna ake pāriha Pākehā; kotahi anake te pirihi Māori, ko Canon Karaka, me ngā wāhine Pākehā ruarua.  I te tau ki muri, ka meatia e ia, he koretake noa ngā mahi, ‘observing that one Maori priest and five or six women travelling about in various parishes could not hope to cope with the work.’ I te tau 1946, ka pānui ia, kāore kau he minita Māori i roto i tōna pīhopatanga.[5]  I te tau 1941, tokowhā anake ngā pirihi Māori o te Pīhopatanga o Pōneke (e 99 te kaute tōpū) hei tautoko atu i ngā tini kāinga Māori, ki wīwī ki wāwā.  I kino kē te Wai Pounamu.  I te tau 1939, i te hiahia te Pīhopa o Ōtautahi kia haere he minita Māori o te Ika o Māui ki Kaikōura, me tētahi ki Rangiora hei pirihi whakamahiri [curate].[6]  Engari, kīhai i ea, ā, ka waiho kia toro mai he minita Māori ki te Pīhopatanga o Ōtautahi, ā, ka mutu aua toronga mai i mua i te mutunga o te pakanga.[7]

Nā te pakanga hoki he raruraru i puta mai ai.  Nā te tokomaha o ngā Māori o te Hāhi Mihinare, ka tukuna e te Hāhi ngā tiaparani katoa ki te Ope Māori. Nā konei, ka memeha ngā kaimahi o te Hāhi.[8]  I te matenga, i te rītaiatanga, i te tukunga rānei o ngā pirihi ki te Ope Māori, ka uaua haere te whakakapi.  Hei tauira, i te tau 1945, ko Canon Wiremu Keretene te Hupiritene o Mīhana Māori o Ākarana, engari, e rua ngā minitatanga i whakahaere ai ia, ki Paihia, ki Waimate ki te Raki hoki.

I roa te wā i rarua ai ngā mīhana Māori o te Hāhi Mihingare i te kore moni.  E whakakitea ana tēnei ki ngā utu pakupaku i whiwhia e ngā minita Māori, ahakoa he whānau ō te nuinga kia whāngaia.[9]  I te tau 1937, e £200 i te tau ngā moni i utua ki ngā minita Māori o te Pīhopatanga o Waiapū; he hāwhe pea i pau i te hokonga i te motokā hei whakatutuki i ngā mahi i roto i ō rātou minitatanga nunui.  I kīa, ‘we look forward to the time when each parish will be able to make an adequate provision for car expenses, so as to leave the stipend free for the support of the Maori vicar and his family.’ [10]  Ko te āhua nei, ka whakaitia te utu; i te tau 1941, ka meatia e te Waiapu Church Gazette ‘a £1 for £1 subsidy is given after the Maori parishioners have raised the sum of £78 towards the stipend of the clergyman in charge, to bring the total of £156’, ahakoa ‘several of the pastorates have considerably increased the allowances for the car expenses of the clergy.’[11]  I te Pīhopatanga o Ākarana, ka riro i ngā pirihi Pākehā ngā pauna £300 i te tau, i mua i te tāke; he iti iho tēnei i ā ērā atu tāne o ō rātou whakaminenga.  E £3622 i kohia e te pīhopatanga mō ngā mīhana o tāwāhi, engari, e £556 anake mō tō rātou mīhana Māori.  I whiwhia te £140 i te tau e ngā pirihi Māori, ā, e mōhiotia ana, ka mahi te nuinga i ngā mahi kē, ki waho o te Hāhi, hei whāngai i ō rātou whānau.  I te tau 1942, ka pānuitia he inoi ki ngā pāriha Pākehā kia kohia he moni mō ngā utu a ngā minita Māori, engari, ka tokoiti haere tonu ngā pīrihi Māori i taua wā.[12]

I whakakapi ngā pīhopatanga i ētahi o ngā hemanga minita Māori ki ngā wāhine Pākehā.  Hei tauira, tokorua ngā kaimahi wāhine i Ākarana i te tau 1939, ā, tokoono ngā wāhine i Waikato i te tau 1941 ki ngā mihana e rima, arā, ki Paeroa, ki Huntly, ki Ōtorohanga, ki Mangapeehi, ki Waitara hoki.[13]  I āwhinatia hoki ngā mīhana Māori e tētahi rōpū whai-karakia o te Hāhi, e te Church Army, arā, i mahi a Captain Withers ki Urewera, ā, mai i te tau 1945 ka whakahaeretia te whare mīhana o Waimate ki te Raki e Sister North rāua ko Sister Robinson.[14]  

Me kore ake he wāhine tūao nō Ingarangi hei haere mai ki te whakahaere kore-utu i ngā whare mīhana o te Pīhopatanga o Waiapu i waenga o te tekautau 1930.  

For the work of organised Church Sunday Schools, the weekly scripture lessons in the Day Schools, the leadership of Maori companies of the Girl Guides, Brownies, and Girls’ Life Brigade, the regular visiting of Maori homes and the sick in the hospitals, and a good deal of the work of preparing confirmation candidates we are still almost entirely dependent upon our lady workers in the mission houses.[15]

Engari, i te tau 1940, nā te māuiuitanga o ngā kaimahi, ka karangatia kia ahu mai he wāhine hou ki Waiapu mahi ai.[16]  I taua tau, ka tae mai he wahine nō Lower Hutt ki te mahi kore-utu ki te whare mīhana o Te Araroa. Engari, i te tau e whai ana, ka tangi te pīhopatanga, ‘the present position is that we have seven workers in five Mission Houses, where four years ago there were seven centres, worked by a staff of 18, including three trainees’ ā, ka pānuihia he ‘Free board and lodging at the Mission House, and £50 a year if experienced’ mō ngā wāhine e hiahia ana ki taua mahi.[17] 

Ngā Mahi a te Iwi 

I whakahaere hoki he mema Māori nō te Hāhi i ngā Kura Rātapu o ō rātou ake rohe.  He mea whakatū ngā karaihe e rima e ngā rīkona Māori i te tau 1941, kātahi ka whakahaeretia e ngā wāhine Māori. ‘At Mohaka Miss Esme Huata, daughter of the Rev. Heemi Huata and teacher in the local Native School, conducts a Sunday School of 40 children. There are also schools at Te Kiwi and North Clyde, conducted by Miss B. Tehima and Miss McAndrew, respectively, and Mrs. Whaanga has a Sunday School at Nuhaka.’[18]  He Kaihautū mō ngā Kura Rātapu tō te Pīhopatanga o Ākarana. I haere atu ia ki te toro, ki te ārahi i ngā Kura Raumati Māori, Pākehā hoki, ki te toro atu hoki ki ngā tamariki o te ngā wāhi taratahi e mahi ana i ngā akoranga mā te reta.[19]  I whakahaeretia ngā tini Kura Rātapu e ngā mema o ngā peka Māori o te Uniana Whaea o te Taitokerau.  He rōpū whai-karakia tēnei mō ngā wāhine, engari, ka tae mai he tāne ki ngā hui o ētahi peka Māori.  I toro atu ngā wāhine nei hoki i ngā tūroro, ā, ka whakatika rātou hoki i ngā whare karakia.[20]

I mahi hoki ngā minita Māori i te taha o ngā taitamariki me ngā pakeke.  He pirihi hohe a Rev. Wī Huata ki te Matau-a-Māui.  I whakaako ia i ngā karaihe Paipera ki Kohupātiki, ā, nāna i whakatū he hui nui mō ngā Karaihe Paipera i Pakipaki i te tau 1941 (tirohia te pikitia o tēnei kōrero), ā, he hui anō ki Ōmahu i te tau 1943 i tae mai ai ngā tāngata e 270.  Ahakoa he whai-karakia te āhua o ēnei momo hui, ka whakamahia hoki ngā tikanga Māori.  I Ōmahu, i āwhinatia a Wī Huata e ‘Rev. H. Rangiihu, of Te Kaha pastorate, Rev. Turoa Pohatu, of the East Coast, and Rev. Manu Bennett, of Tauranga. The camp was opened by a fine Maori entertainment and concert on the marae at Omahu, which was attended by about 400 people, mainly members of the Maori race.’[21]

He whakatū mīhana

He tikanga kaha kē hoki tō te kupu “mīhana”, i whakaritea ai e ngā minita ngā hui roroa hei whakakaha i te wairua whakapono.  I muri i tana taenga ki tētahi mīhana ono-rā ki Wairoa i te tau 1939, ‘The Rev. H. Huata, Vicar of the Pastorate, said that in the whole 40 years of his ministry this had been the first experience of a parochial mission, and he wished he could have had the experience years before.’[22]   Ka whakamahia hoki ngā mīhana hei tōia mai i ngā tāngata kua kotiti atu, hei akiaki hoki i te whakaminenga kia whakapuaki rātou he tāngata tūturu rātou nō Ihu Karaiti.  Hei tauira, kotahi wiki te roa o tētahi mīhana i Te Kao i te tau 1939; ka āhua 100 ngā tāngata i mine mai, Mihinare mai, Rātana mai, Pikopō mai.  I te rā whakamutunga, ‘after a final appeal, 24 people, young and old, stood up one after another, and in a few simple words professed their faith in Jesus Christ.’[23] 

He maha hoki ngā mīhana i whakaritea e te Pīhopa o Aotearoa.  Ehara te whakaminenga i te tino nui i tāna mīhana rima-rā ki Pūtiki i te tau 1941, engari, ‘at the final service on Easter Sunday 20 people stood up to re-dedicate their lives to Jesus Christ, and then knelt at the alter rails to receive the Bishop’s blessing.’[24]  Tērā pea, kīhai a Pēneti i tino whakaae ki te ngākau pakeke o te Hāhi ki te whakapono Rātana,[25] engari, i roto i ngā pūrongo anō, ka whakakitea he harikoa i te hokinga mai o ngā mema Rātana, Ringatū hoki, ki te Hāhi Matua. I Māehe 1941, e toru ngā mīhana a Pēneti rāua ko Canon W.H. Williams (ko te Hupiritene o te Mīhana Māori o Pōneke) ki Wairoa, ki Mōhaka, ki Nūhaka hoki i roto i ngā wiki e rua.  I a rāua i reira, ka whakaminea e rāua ngā tāngata Ringatū e 30 ki Te Māhia, ā, ka iriiria ngā kōhungahunga tokowhā.[26] 

I tino pakeke te tikanga a te Hāhi Mihinare ki te wehenga a ō rātou mema ki ngā karakia Rātana, ā, mai i te tau 1925, ki te haina ana he mema Mihinare i te kawenata Rātana, e kīa, kua ārai rātou i a rātou anō i te Hāhi.[27]  Engari, i pai kia hoki mai ngā mea kua hē, kua kotiti rānei.  Hei tauira, i muri i te whakapau kaha a ngā rīkona Māori tokotoru me ngā ākonga whakapono tokorua ki Mōhaka i te tau 1940, ‘the Bishop of Aotearoa, in the presence of a large congregation, admitted back to the Church fourteen members of the Ratana sect. We know also that there are many others in this district considering taking the same step.’[28] I puta mai he hua hoki ki te mīhana a Bennett i Tāngōio i Ōketopa 1941.

One happy result of this mission was the public readmission to the fold of the Church of an old man of 93, who had been a member of the Ratana movement.  This old man is now a permanent inmate of the Napier Hospital, and for some time has expressed the wish to be received back into the Church so that he might again partake of the Holy Communion before he dies.[29]

He kupu whakatepe

E kitea ana he raruraru nui ō te Hāhi Mihinare Māori i ngā tau o te pakanga. Ina koa, tokoiti rawa ngā kaimahi, ā, he iti rawa te pūtea i utua nei rātou.  I pēnei hoki a Ākarana me Waiapu, arā, ko ngā pīhopatanga i kaha atu ai ngā mahi mīhana.

Ahakoa ngā wero nei, i uru ngā tāngata Māori ki roto i ngā mahi a te Hāhi me āna mihinare.  Ka whakaako ngā Māori i ngā Kura Rātapu, ā, ka tae mai ngā tamariki ki aua karaihe.  I whakatū ngā wāhine Māori i ō rātou peka o te Uniana Whaea; ka mui mai ngā rangatahi ki te ako i te mātauranga Paipera; ā, ka ahu atu ngā minita Māori ki ngā kāinga Māori “mīhana” ai, ā, i ētahi wā ka mine mai ngā tini tāngata ki aua hui.  I pēnei ai pea nā te ngākau o taua wā ki te tomo kaha ki roto i ngā mahi wairua me te whakapono; he wā hoki tēnei i whāki ai te nuinga o te iwi Māori, he Karaitiana rātou, arā, he hāhi ō rātou. Nā reira, kāore pea te ngākaunui ā-whakapono i taunuhia. 

Tērā pea ētahi atu take.  I noho te nuinga o ngā tāngata Māori ki ngā takiwā taiwhenua, ā, ka meatia e te Pīhopa o Ākarana i te tau 1943, e noho ana te nuinga o tāna kāhui Māori i ngā kāinga taratahi.[30]  I pāngia ngā tini kāinga Māori o ngā rohe taiwhenua e te pōharatanga, me te kore mahi ngahau.  Ki a rātou pea, he pārekareka, he whakahoahoa ngā mahi a ngā mihinare.  I hoatu e ngā kaimahi Kura Rātapu ngā pukapuka ki ngā tamariki, me ngā taonga tākaro i te Kirihimete;[31] ka haere pea ngā taitama me ngā kōhine ki ngā karaihe Pāipera kite ai i a rātou anō; ā, ka kaingākautia e ngā wāhine ō rātou hui hoahoa o te Uniana Whaea.  Kāore e kore, he ngahau hoki te mātakitaki i ngā pikitia rātana, nā te mea he rerekē ki ā rātou mahi noa o te kāinga.[32]

I tino āwangawanga ngā Māori Mihinare i te pakanga.  I tuku te Hāhi i ngā tiaparani ki te Ope Māori, ā, he Mihinare ngā tini hōia. I te tau 1941, ka pānui whakahīhī te Waiapu Church Gazette,  ‘It is an interesting fact that of the four Maori Battalion Company Commanders, three are sons of our Maori Clergy, and the fourth is a son of a loyal Church family from the Waipawa district. All of them have passed through Te Aute College.’[33]  He take pono i tū whakahīhī ai a Ngāi Māori i ngā mahi rongonui o ō rātou hōia.   Engari, i ētahi wā, he whakararu noa iho te pakanga; ka tokoiti haere ngā minita, ā, nā ngā tikanga raihana i te penehīni i uaua haere ai te haere.  Engari, kua mārama nei, ka tohe tonu ngā mihinare kia haere tonu ā rātou mahi, pērā me ā rātou mahi o mua.

Whakaahua: Ko te rōpū karaihe Paipera ki Houngarea Marae, i Pakipaki, i te tau 1941. He mea whakahaere te hui e Reverend Wi Te Tau Huata. [nā H.J. Lovell-Smith te whakaahua] Nama: 878/1616/39317, Knowledge Bank: Hawkes Bay Digital Archives Trust. https://knowledgebank.org.nz/still_image/pakipaki-bible-class-group-1941/

Tohotoro

[1] Kei tēnei kōrero, ka whakamahia te “Hāhi Mihinare”, te “Hāhi” rānei, mō te Hāhi o Ingarangi whānui, ā, ko te “Hāhi Māori” mō te taha Māori o te Hāhi.

[2] Hei tauira, tirohia: Emma Campbell, “Te Kaupapa Wharenoho Māori”, https://www.maorihomefront.nz/mi/whanau-korero/wharenoho-maori/

[3] Tirohia: Hirini Kaa, Te Hāhi Mihinare: The Māori Anglican Church, (Wellington: Bridget Williams Books, 2020), wh.63-89.

[4] Kaa, Te Hāhi Mihinare, wh.63-81; W.P. Morrell, The Anglican Church in New Zealand: A History, Dunedin: Anglican Church of the Province of New Zealand, 1973, wh.175-178; Manu A. Bennett. ‘Bennett, Frederick Augustus’, Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, i orokoputa mai i te tau 1996. Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/3b29/bennett-frederick-augustus (He mea tītiro: 11 Mei 2021).

[5] Waikato Diocesan Magazine, Ākuhata 1943, wh.147; Ākuhata 1946, wh.146-7; Waiapu Church Gazette, 1 Ākuhata 1944, wh.12.

[6] Church News, Hūrae 1939, wh.27.

[7] Church News, Ākuhata 1939, wh.56; 1 Ōketopa 1940, wh.4.

[8] Church News, Ōketopa 1942, wh.6

[9] Morrell, The Anglican Church, wh.174, 184-186.

[10] Church Chronicle, 1 Māehe 1938, wh.24; 1 Noema 1938, wh.156.

[11] Waiapu Church Gazette, 1 Hepetema 1941, wh.9.

[12] Church Gazette, 1 Hepetema 1939, wh.9; 1 Noema 1940, wh.9-10; 1 Pēpuere 1941, wh.8; 1 Noema 1941, wh.10; 1 Ōketopa 1942, wh.7.

[13] Church Gazette, 1 Ākuhata 1939, wh.8; Waikato Diocesan Magazine, Hepetema 1944, wh.180

[14] Church Chronicle, 1 Hune 1939, wh.247; Waiapu Church Gazette, 1 Hūrae 1940, wh.3; Church News, Tīhema 1939, wh.14; Church Gazette, 1 Āperira 1945, wh.7; 1 Hūrae 1945, wh.11.

[15] Waiapu Church Gazette, 1 Ōketopa 1939, wh.9

[16] Church Chronicle, 1 Hepetema 1940, wh.118

[17] Waiapu Church Gazette, 1 Hānuere 1939, wh.4; 1 Noema 1940, wh.6; 1 Hepetema 1941, wh.3, 9.

[18] Waiapu Church Gazette, 1 Hānuere 1941, wh.8

[19] Church Gazette, 1 Tīhema 1942, wh.23

[20] Hei tauira, Church Gazette, Ākuhata 1939, wh.14; Tīhema 1939, wh.12; 1 Tīhema 1941, wh.20.

[21] Waiapu Church Gazette, 1 Pēpuere 1943, wh.2.

[22] Church Chronicle, 1 Hūrae 1939, wh.268.

[23] Church Chronicle, 1 Māehe 1939, wh.204.

[24] Church Chronicle, 1 Mei 1941, wh.54.

[25] Bennett. ‘Bennett, Frederick Augustus’.

[26] Waiapu Church Gazette, 1 Āperira 1941, wh.7

[27] Morrell, The Anglican Church, wh.175.

[28] Waiapu Church Gazette, 1 Hūrae 1940, wh.9.

[29] Waiapu Church Gazette, 1 Ōketopa 1941, wh.10.

[30] Church Gazette, 1 Ōketopa 1943, wh.6.

[31] Hei tauira, Waiapu Church Gazette, 1 Hānuere 1941, wh.6.

[32] Hei tauira, Church Gazette, 1 Hānuere 1942, wh.20.

[33] Waiapu Church Gazette, 1 Tīhema 1941, wh.3.